Engineering

Sol-gel Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles at 400 oC and Their Biological Applications

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.71107/1pvqv765

Keywords:

Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), Sol-gel Synthesis, Biocompatibility

Abstract

The objective of this work is to regulate the size preparation TiO2 NPs for a comprehensive study on their size-dependant properties and bioapplications. TiO2 NPs were prepared by sol–gel method using 2-propanol and titanium tetra-isopropoxide as precursors and then calcined at 400 °C for two hours. The structural purity, crystallinity, shape and band gap of synthetized NPs were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–visible spectrscopy (UV-Vis) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). From the XRD pattern, anatase phase with average crystalline size of 9.06 nm and 98% crystallinity were established. The UV-Vis spectra indicated the E g values to be in 3.02-4.81 eV. The prepared TiO2 NPs showed potent antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and good antifungal action against Candida albicans. In addition, they showed a relatively lower hemolytic effect and were tested for cytotoxicity in the A549 cell line to have good biocompatibility. These results indicate that TiO2 NPs have promising applications in antimicrobial therapy and clinical practice.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

  • Muhammad Anwar Khan, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Lakki Marwat, 28420, Lakki Marwat, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Lakki Marwat, 28420, Lakki Marwat, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Student

  • Ubaid Ullah Khan Khan, a. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Lakki Marwat, KPK, Pakistan

    Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Lakki Marwat, KPK, Pakistan

    Assistant Professor

  • Dr.Abid Ali Khan, a. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Lakki Marwat, KPK, Pakistan

    Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Lakki Marwat, KPK, Pakistan

    Associate Professor

  • Dr.Khizar Hayat, Department of Physics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KPK, Pakistan

    Department of Physics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KPK, Pakistan

    Associate Professor

  • Sumaira Mehreen, a. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Lakki Marwat, KPK, Pakistan

    a.    Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Lakki Marwat, KPK, Pakistan

References

1. Dini, I., Contribution of nanoscience research in antioxidants delivery used in nutricosmetic sector. Antioxidants, 2022. 11(3): p. 563. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030563

2. Philbrook, N.A., et al., The effect of TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles on reproduction and development of Drosophila melanogaster and CD-1 mice. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 2011. 257(3): p. 429-436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2011.09.027

3. Jomini, S., et al., Impact of manufactured TiO2 nanoparticles on planktonic and sessile bacterial communities. Environmental Pollution, 2015. 202: p. 196-204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.03.022

4. Gangopadhyay, S. and S. Bok. Evaluation of hybrid sol-gel incorporated with nanoparticles as nano paint. in AIP Conference Proceedings. 2016.

5. Chen, J., et al., Effects of titanium dioxide nano-particles on growth and some histological parameters of zebrafish (Danio rerio) after a long-term exposure. Aquatic Toxicology, 2011. 101(3-4): p. 493-499. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.12.004

6. Yin, J.-J., et al., Phototoxicity of nano titanium dioxides in HaCaT keratinocytes—generation of reactive oxygen species and cell damage. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 2012. 263(1): p. 81-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2012.06.001

7. Gui, S., et al., Molecular mechanism of kidney injury of mice caused by exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Journal of hazardous materials, 2011. 195: p. 365-370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.08.055

8. Mishra, A., Analysis of titanium dioxide and its application in industry. Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res, 2014. 3(3): p. 7.

9. Nadtochenko, V., et al., Laser kinetic spectroscopy of the interfacial charge transfer between membrane cell walls of E. coli and TiO2. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 2006. 181(2-3): p. 401-407. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.12.028

10. Rincon, A.-G. and C. Pulgarin, Effect of pH, inorganic ions, organic matter and H2O2 on E. coli K12 photocatalytic inactivation by TiO2: implications in solar water disinfection. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2004. 51(4): p. 283-302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2004.03.007

11. Yu, J.C., et al., Photocatalytic activity, antibacterial effect, and photoinduced hydrophilicity of TiO2 films coated on a stainless steel substrate. Environmental science & technology, 2003. 37(10): p. 2296-2301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/es0259483

12. Hur, J.-S. and Y. Koh, Bactericidal activity and water purification of immobilized TiO 2 photocatalyst in bean sprout cultivation. biotechnology Letters, 2002. 24: p. 23-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013849014715

13. Maness, P.-C., et al., Bactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO2 reaction: toward an understanding of its killing mechanism. Applied and environmental microbiology, 1999. 65(9): p. 4094-4098. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.65.9.4094-4098.1999

14. Priyanka, K.P., et al., Microbicidal activity of TiO2 nanoparticles synthesised by sol–gel method. IET nanobiotechnology, 2016. 10(2): p. 81-86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-nbt.2015.0038

15. Fernández-Garcia, M. and J. Rodgriguez, Metal oxide nanoparticles. 2007, Brookhaven National Lab.(BNL), Upton, NY (United States).

16. Lazar, M.A., S. Varghese, and S.S. Nair, Photocatalytic water treatment by titanium dioxide: recent updates. Catalysts, 2012. 2(4): p. 572-601. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/catal2040572

17. Zhang, W., et al., Effect of water composition on TiO2 photocatalytic removal of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and estrogenic activity from secondary effluent. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2012. 215: p. 252-258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.02.060

18. Dastjerdi, R. and M. Montazer, A review on the application of inorganic nano-structured materials in the modification of textiles: focus on anti-microbial properties. Colloids and surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2010. 79(1): p. 5-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.03.029

19. Kubacka, A., et al., Understanding the antimicrobial mechanism of TiO2-based nanocomposite films in a pathogenic bacterium. Scientific reports, 2014. 4(1): p. 4134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04134

20. Yin, Z.F., et al., Recent progress in biomedical applications of titanium dioxide. Physical chemistry chemical physics, 2013. 15(14): p. 4844-4858. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp43938k

21. Abushowmi, T.H., et al., Comparative effect of glass fiber and nano‐filler addition on denture repair strength. Journal of Prosthodontics, 2020. 29(3): p. 261-268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jopr.13124

22. Xia, Y., et al., Nanoparticle-reinforced resin-based dental composites. Journal of dentistry, 2008. 36(6): p. 450-455. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2008.03.001

23. Ohkubo, C., S. Hanatani, and T. Hosoi, Present status of titanium removable dentures–a review of the literature. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 2008. 35(9): p. 706-714. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2007.01821.x

24. Sofyan, N., et al. Preparation of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles using low hydrothermal temperature for dye-sensitized solar cell. in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018. IOP Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/316/1/012055

25. Yudoyono, G., et al. Effect of calcination temperature on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 powders prepared by co-precipitation of TiCl3. in AIP Conference Proceedings. 2016. AIP Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4945553

26. De Filpo, G., et al., Chemical vapor deposition of photocatalyst nanoparticles on PVDF membranes for advanced oxidation processes. Membranes, 2018. 8(3): p. 35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes8030035

27. Ficai, D. and A.M. Grumezescu, Nanostructures for novel therapy: synthesis, characterization and applications. 2017: Elsevier.

28. Aziz, W.J., S.Q. Ali, and N.Z. Jassim, Production TiO 2 nanoparticles using laser ablation in ethanol. Silicon, 2018. 10: p. 2101-2107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-017-9730-y

29. Torabmostaedi, H. and T. Zhang, Numerical simulation of TiO2 nanoparticle synthesis by flame spray pyrolysis. Powder Technology, 2018. 329: p. 426-433. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2018.01.051

30. Aramwit, C., et al., Characterisations and DSSC efficiency test of TiO2 nano-films formed by filtered cathodic vacuum arc deposition. International Journal of Nanotechnology, 2017. 14(1-6): p. 481-495.

31. Akhtar, S., I. Ali, and S. Tauseef, SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE (TIO2) NANOPARTICLES. FUUAST Journal of Biology, 2016. 6(2): p. 141-147.

32. Ahmed, A.Q., et al., Assessing the antifungal activity of a soft denture liner loaded with titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs). Dentistry Journal, 2023. 11(4): p. 90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11040090

33. Lowy, F.D., Staphylococcus aureus infections. New England journal of medicine, 1998. 339(8): p. 520-532. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199808203390806

34. Purushottama, G., et al., Bioactivities of extracts from the marine sponge Halichondria panicea. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, 2009. 15: p. 444-459. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-91992009000300007

35. Hayle, S.T. and G.G. Gonfa, Synthesis and characterization of titanium oxide nanomaterials using sol-gel method. American Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2014. 2(1): p. 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.nano.20140201.11

36. Reddy, K.M., S.V. Manorama, and A.R. Reddy, Bandgap studies on anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2003. 78(1): p. 239-245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-0584(02)00343-7

37. Vijayalakshmi, R. and V. Rajendran, Synthesis and characterization of nano-TiO2 via different methods. Arch. Appl. Sci. Res, 2012. 4(2): p. 1183-1190.

38. Warheit, D., et al., Comparative pulmonary toxicity inhalation and instillation studies with different TiO2 particle formulations: impact of surface treatments on particle toxicity. Toxicological Sciences, 2005. 88(2): p. 514-524. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfi331

39. Sayes, C.M., et al., Correlating nanoscale titania structure with toxicity: a cytotoxicity and inflammatory response study with human dermal fibroblasts and human lung epithelial cells. Toxicological sciences, 2006. 92(1): p. 174-185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfj197

40. Choi, J., et al., Physicochemical characterization and in V itro hemolysis evaluation of silver nanoparticles. Toxicological Sciences, 2011. 123(1): p. 133-143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfr149

Downloads

Published

2026-05-08

Data Availability Statement

Data will be avaliable on reasonable request.

Issue

Vol. 2 No. 1 (2026): Conclusions in Engineering

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Anwar Khan, Ubaid Ullah Khan Khan, Dr.Abid Ali Khan, Dr.Khizar Hayat, Sumaira Mehreen (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Sol-gel Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles at 400 oC and Their Biological Applications. (2026). Conclusions in Engineering, 2(1), 13-22. https://doi.org/10.71107/1pvqv765